Jews and warns them against adopting an arrogant or unthankful attitude toward Israel. An analysis of this chapter will show that Paul uses the name “Israel” to refer to those who are Jews by natural descent and to distinguish them from Christians of Gentile descent. In other words, he does not use “Israel” as a synonym of the Church. In Romans 11:30–31 Paul sums up what he has been saying about the debt and the responsibility of the Gentile Christians toward Israel. (For the sake of clarity I have